四、way 之后的定语从句:
1.way 之后的定语从句,一般不需要关系代词或关系副词。例:
The way he talked reminded us of his grandfather. 他那说话方式使我们想起他的祖父。
Chemists and biologists have found that the way the brain works is far more complicated than they have thought.化学家和生物学家发现:大脑的工作方式远比他们原来想象的要复杂得多。
2.在正式文体中,也用“the way + 介词 + which ”结构:
I hate the way in which he stares at me. 我讨厌他那样盯着我。
She was pleased with the way in which he accepted her criticism. 他以这样的方式接受了她的批评,她感到很高兴。
We admired him for the way in which he faces his difficulties. 他那样面对困难,我们敬佩他。
3.“the way + 定语从句”有时相当于一个how引起的名词从句:
Scientist hope that if we can discover the way the brain works ， the better use we will be able to put it to.科学家们希望:如果我们能够发现大脑的工作原理，我们就能更好地利用它。（...if we can discover how the brain works...）
We are told to make notes but we are not taught the way our brain accepts information. 我们被告知要做笔记，可是没人告诉我们大脑是如何工作的。（...we are not taught how our brain accepts information.）
Whether you can succeed or not depends on the way you start it. 你是否成功就看你如何开始工作了。
4.（in） the way，（in）the same way that， the way in which ， （in） the same way as 等词语可以引导方式状语从句:
This steak is cooked just the way I like it. 这牛排正是按我喜欢的那样做的。
He is behaving （in） the same way as her father used to. 他的举止和他的父亲过去一模一样。
五、than 引导的定语从句
than的一个特殊用法是作关系代词,引导一个有比较意义的定语从句,这个定语从句的先行词可能是more，也可能是more修饰的那个名词。例:
The construction of the railway calls for more labor than has been put in because the engineers are faced with an increasing number of difficulties. 建设这条铁路需要投入比已经投入的更多的劳力,因为工程师们面临着越来越多的困难。（than has been put in 修饰 labor， than 在定语从句中作主语)
Don't take more than is necessary for you. 不要拿你不需要的东西。
(than is necessary for you 修饰 more,than在从句中作主语)
We often advise him not to drink more wine_________is good for his health.
A)as B)than C)that D)but
(B6，1993.6-57，B对。)此句直译为“我们常常劝他不要喝超过对他健康有益的酒”,意译为“我们常常劝他喝酒不要喝得太多,以免有损健康”。
六、but引导的定语从句
but可以作关系代词,意义上相当于:who/which/that/...not， 其先行词一般也是否定的。这种双重否定句式也表示强烈的肯定:
There is no man but makes mistake. 没有不犯错误的人。
There are few books but are well preserved in the library. 我们图书馆里每一本书都保护得很好。
Not a man but had tears in his eyes. 每个人眼里都含着泪水。
七、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1.定语从句有限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clauses)和非限制性定语从句(nonrestrictive attributive clauses)之分。非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间用逗号分开。
从语义上来看,限制性定语从句是先行词意义密切关联的修饰语,缺少了它,先行词的意义便不明确,不完整。例:
A scientist is a person who does work in a science， esp. physics， chemistry or biology. “科学家”指的是在诸如物理、化学、生物科学领域里从事研究的人。
A scientist is a person.(意义不完整。)
2. 非限制性定语从句的一个功能是对先行词作补充、解释或说明,它与先行词的语义关系比较松散,一般不是先行词不可缺少的成份。例:
I passed him a glass of whisky， which he drank immediately. 我给他一杯威士忌,他立刻把它喝了。
在这个句子中,which he drank immediately并不是a glass of whisky 的特征,它提供一种补充信息。在语义上常常相当于一个并列分句。上面的句子在语义上与下面的并列句极为相似:
I passed him a glass of whisky， and he drank it immediately.
I passed him a glass of whisky; he drank it immediately.
又例:
The conference will be put off till next month， when we will have made all the preparations. 会议将推迟到下个月,那时我们将做好一切准备工作。(=The conference will be put off till next month， and by that time we will have made all the preparations.)
Father had bought the dictionary for John， who later gave it to his son.
父亲给约翰买了这本词典,约翰后来把它给了儿子。(=Father had bought the dictionary for John， and John later gave it to his son.)
非限制性定语从句还常常具有状语功能,例如它可以相当于一个状语从句表示原因、让步、目的、结果等:
I thanked her， who helped me when I was in trouble. 我感谢她,因为在我遇到困难的时候,她帮助了我。(=I thanked her because she helped me when I was in trouble.)
Tom， who has never been to China， can speak Chinese fluently.虽然汤姆从来没有到过中国,他却能说一口流利的汉语。(=Tom can speak Chinese fluently though he has never been to China.)
限制性定语从句也可能含有这些状语意义,但相比之下,它表示条件更为常见:
Workers who work hard can get promotion.努力工作的工人可能得到提升。(=If workers work hard， they can get promotion.)
3.限制性定语从句的作用之一是把某人从其同类中区别开来,试比较:
My brother who works in the Foreign Language College can speak four foreign languages. 我的那位在外语学院工作的哥哥会说四门外语。
My brother， who works in the Foreign Language College can speak four foreign languages. 我的哥哥会说四门外语,他在外语学院工作。
前者暗示“我可能有不止一个哥哥”,而后者却没有这种暗示。所以,当先行词所表示的人、物或处所是独一无二的时候,或者先行词受本身的词义限制时,我们就不用限制性定语从句而用非限制性定语从句去修饰它。例:
I've never been to New Zealand， where my father was born.虽然 我父亲出生在新西兰,但我从来没有到过那儿。
American football games are played by both amateurs， who don't get paid， and professionals， who do.业余和职业球队都踢美式足球,前者不取报酬而后者获取报酬。
当专有名词表示独一无二的人、物、或处所时,它们不能有限制性定语从句;然而,当它们暂时具有普通名词的特点时,就可能有限制性定语从句:
The Dr.. Brown I know comes from America. 我认识的那位布朗博士来自美国。
Do you mean the Miss Lee who is the heroine in the film， or the Miss Lee who teaches English in our college? 你指的是电影里的那位里小姐,还是在我们学院教书的那位里小姐?
非断定的先行词通常不接非限制性定语从句而接限制性定语从句:
*His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone， whose family was poor.
His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone whose family was poor. 他的父母不允许他与家境贫寒的人结婚。
先行词被any， all和every 等非特指的限制词限定,也通常只接限制性定语从句:
*All the pupils who failed the test， must stay at school after class.
All the pupils who failed the test must stay at school after class. 所有测验不及格的学生下课后都要留下。
*Every advertisement， which is made to deceive the customers, should be prohibited.
Every advertisement which is made to deceive the customers should be prohibited.应该禁止每一个旨在欺骗顾客的广告。
4.关系代词who， whom， whose， which 和关系副词where， when 能引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;而关系代词that和关系副词why 通常只引导限制性定语从句。例:
Here is the boy whom the scientist mentioned yesterday.这就是昨天科学家提及的那位男孩。
Miss Rose， whom you met at the party yesterday， is going to marry Mr. Abbort.露丝小姐将要和阿伯物先生结婚,你昨天在聚会上见过她的。
Before the Civil War the economy of the South depended on an agricultural system which/that made use of slave labor. 美国南北战争之前,南方的经济建立在利用奴隶作劳动力的农业制度的基础上。
Today in Finland， which (不用that) makes the best paper in the world， the paper industry is the biggest in the land.芬兰生产世界上最优质的纸,现在,造纸业是这个国家的最大工业。
On the ground floor he bad a store where he sold canned goods.他在底层有一个出售罐头制品的铺子。
They are leaving for New York， where they will stay several weeks. 他准备到纽约去,在那儿要逗留几个星期。
I don't know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine.我不知道蒸气机内热损耗的原因。
which指一种情况时引导定语从句一定是非限制性。这个定语从句在意义上相当于一个并列分句。例:
He studied hard at school when he was young， which contributes to his success in later life.(=He studied hard at school when he was young， and that contributes to his success in later life.)他年轻时在学校学习很努力,这为他后来生活道路上的成功奠定了基础。
The sun warms the earth， which makes it possible for plants to grow.(=The sun warms the earth， and that makes it possible for plants to grow.)太阳给地球温暖,这使植物能够生长。
