英语并列成分构成的词组与其对应的汉语在排列顺序上有同有异。这是由英汉两个民族不同的思维方式和不同的语言习惯造成的。
总的说来,在并列成分构成的词组中,英汉词序基本上是一致的。例如:
science and technology 科学技术
theory and practice 理论与实践
advantage and disadvantage 优缺点
positive and negative 正负
at home and abroad 国内外
action and reaction 作用和反作用
import and export 进出口
up and down 上下
seas and oceans 海洋
open and close 开合
但也有许多词组排列的顺序与汉语截然不同。例如:
north and south 南北
rich and poor 贫富
back and forth 前后(来回)
rain and shine 晴雨
old and new 新旧
back and belly 腹背
loss and gain 得失
mind and body 身心
hard and soft 软硬
backward and forward 来回,忽前忽后
iron and steel 钢铁
flesh and blood 血肉(之躯)
land and water 水陆
track and field 田径
fire and water 水火
right and left 左右
by twos and threes 三三两两
contradiction between ourselves and enemy 敌我矛盾
heal the wounded, rescue the dying 救死扶伤
通过对大量语言现象的观察和比较,人们发现英汉词序的安排是有一定规律的。表现在分量的轻重、词的长短和动作先后方面,英汉各有自己的准则。
1. 分量轻重上,英语往往把轻的,不太重要的词放在前,重要的词置于后,而汉语恰恰相反。例如:
Since the reform and opening, a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises have been set up.改革开放以来,一大批中小企业建立起来了。
Even taking into account possible new discoveries of oil deposits, there may be little or no oil left by the end of next century. 即使把可能发现的新油田考虑进去,到下世纪末石油也可能全部用尽或所剩无几。
2. 在词的长短方面,英语习惯把短词放在前,长词置于后。例如:
Under the guidance of Mao Zedong's "Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Art and Literature", he produced many works of art that reflected real life.在毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》的指导下,他创作了许多反映现实生活的美术作品。
The broadcasting equipment forces electrons to rush back and forth in the antenna at very high speed. 广播设备使得电子在天线里以很高的速度急剧往返。
3. 动作先后决定词序的排列,此时英汉词序相同。例如:
Further, radioactive materials can help doctors diagnose and cure different diseases. 放射性物质进而能帮助医生诊治各种不同的疾病。 |